CRISPR, the genome-editing technology that has taken biomedical science by storm, is finally nearing human trials.
On 21 June, an advisory committee at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) approved a proposal to use CRISPR/Cas9 to help augment cancer therapies that rely on enlisting a patient’s T cells.
“Cell therapies [for cancer] are so promising but the majority of people who get these therapies have a disease that relapses,” says study leader Edward Stadtmauer, a physician at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Gene editing could improve such treatments and eliminate some of their vulnerabilities to cancer and the body’s immune system, he says.
This first trial is small and designed to test whether CRISPR is safe for use in people, rather than whether it cures cancer or not. It will be funded by a US$250 million immunotherapy foundation formed in April by former Facebook president Sean Parker. The trial itself does not yet have a budget. The University of Pennsylvania will manufacture the edited cells, and will recruit and treat patients along with centers in California and Texas.
The researchers will remove T cells from 18 patients with melanoma, sarcoma, or myeloma, and perform three CRISPR edits on them. One edit will insert a gene for a protein engineered to detect cancer cells and instruct the T cells to target them, and a second edit removes a natural T cell protein that could interfere with this process. The third is defensive: removing the gene for a protein that identifies the T cells as immune cells and preventing the cancer cells from disabling them. The researchers will then infuse the edited cells back into the patient.
“Last year’s excitement over CRISPR was in anticipation of this,” says Dean Anthony Lee, an immunologist at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and a member of the NIH’s Recombinant DNA Research Advisory Committee (RAC) that reviewed the proposal. CRISPR, he says, makes genome engineering easy enough that such trials can move forward quickly.
The RAC reviews all proposals for human trials involving modified DNA that are conducted in the United States. Stadtmauer’s team will now have to convince US regulators and review boards at their own institutions to allow the trial. Immunologist Carl June from the University of Pennsylvania, who is a science advisor on the project, says it could begin by the end of the year.
Others may not be far behind. Editas Biotechnologies in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for instance, has said that it wants to use CRISPR in a clinical trial for a rare form of blindness as soon as 2017. However, RAC members say they have not yet been approached about reviewing the trial.
While most attention has focused on CRISPR because of its ease of use, the T-cell trial will not be the first test of the efficacy of using gene editing to fight diseases. In 2014, June led a study using a gene-editing system called zinc-finger nuclease.
His group took blood from 12 people with HIV and removed the gene for a protein on T-cells targeted by the virus in the hopes that this would prevent infection of the cells. The results were encouraging, and the technique is now being used in clinical trials for several other applications.
And last week, researchers at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children in London began a safety study with 10 children using a similar technique called TALENS. Instead of using a patient’s own cells, this system uses T cells from a donor that have been edited to remove genes that would cause the patient’s body to reject them. The gene editing then directs the T cells to attack the cancer and protects the cells from other immunotherapy drugs.
Although CRISPR is easier to use than these other techniques, and better able to edit multiple genes at once, June says the challenge will be a propensity for “off-target” effects. These are instances in which the system cuts or mutates unintended parts of the genome. And despite precautions, the immune system could still attack the edited cells.
During the RAC meeting, one of the committee’s greatest concerns was a potential conflict-of-interest. Among other financial involvements, June has ties to the pharmaceutical company Novartis, holds patents on T-cell technologies, and could potentially stand to benefit from the success of this trial. June declined to give details as to the exact nature of his conflict of interest, but says that his university is taking steps to manage it, such as preventing him from being involved in selecting patients.
Several RAC reviewers suggested that the University of Pennsylvania not be allowed to recruit patients at all and to leave it to other institutions: this language did not make it into their final approval.
However, the RAC members say they are being extra careful with this study. “Penn has a very extensive conflict and has a history,” says Laurie Zoloth, a bioethicist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Looming over the discussion is the name Jesse Gelsinger, who died at age 18 while participating in an early gene therapy trial conducted by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania in 1999.
Subsequent investigation found numerous problems with the study, including unreported animal data on the therapy’s ill-effects and the fact that the investigators had a financial stake in the study’s outcome.
The incident is generally considered to have set gene therapy back by decades. “Any first use in humans we have to be extraordinarily careful,” Zoloth says. So a lot is riding on this trial.
But Mildred Cho, a bioethicist at Stanford University in California and a RAC member, says that safety work in animals for a new therapy will only take researchers so far. “Often we have to take the leap of faith.”
Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20137
http://www.nature.com/ Nature
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